Read Chapter 12 Effective Instruction in American Schools.
Select one of the following to respond to:
1. Describe the principles of cognitive learning theory, and identify examples of the principles in practice.
2. Describe essential steps in planning for instruction.
3. Explain how essential teaching skills contribute to learning.
4. Explain the relationship between principles of learning and different phases of models of instruction.
Sorry I am a day late. I guess the holiday got the best of me.
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There are six essential steps in planning for instructions. The first and most important is selecting a topic. Selecting a topic can be a difficult task because it is the teachers job to decide what the students shoudl learn. Then specify the learning objectives. This is what do you want your students to know about the topic that is chosen. Then the teacher has to prepare and organize learning activities. A teacher should think of fun and helpful activities for the students to do then put them in order that would be the most helpful. After all this has been completed the teacher must plan for assessment. This is test and such things to gather what the students have learned about the chosen topic. Than ensure instructional alignment, in other words make sure that there is good connection and understanding between the learning objectives, activities, and assessments. Finally planning in a standards-based environment. Which is chosing what to teach based on thier interpretations of the state standards. After all of this is done the teacher has completed thier task of planning and can begin to teach
ReplyDeleteThe first step that is essential is planning for instruction is selecting a topic. This is one of the most important steps because it determines what the lesson will be about. Is it something the students will enjoy? Will the teacher like teaching about it? How important is the topic to students' achievement? These are all important things to look at when selecting a topic. The school decides what textbooks are used, but it's up to the teacher to decide what material in the book is most important and worthy of the students' learning time. The second essential step is specifiying learning objectives. Knowing what you want your students to learn about the topic you chose is essential. This helps keep instruction on a path and prevents you from jumping from one thing to another. The objectives are what the lesson is designed around to meet the objectives you want your students to learn about. These objectives are also what your assessment should be created around. The next step is to prepare and organize learning activities. Since time is limited, activities should be of high level and quality. Time shouldn't be wasted doing simple activities that students will easily go through and learn little from because they are not challenged. Activites should be full of hands-on tasks and examples since students learn much more from doing and watching versus simply reading about your topic. The following step is your assessment. All your learning objectives should be put together and considered when planning your assessment. Your assessment should not just be a test, it should also be something students can take and use for further learning. The second to last step is to ensure instructional alignment. This means to make a connection between your learning objectives, your activities, and your assessment. These help you see that learning is the most important part of your lesson. Finally, the final step is to plan your lesson in a standards-based enviornment. Standards tell a teacher how and what things need to be meet by the end of an activity. Once you match up your standards with your lessons, you are ready to present your lesson to your students.
ReplyDeleteThe first essential teaching skill is organization. Organization contributes to learning because it gives more time for teaching than it would if you were unorganized. By having everything ready before class and organized exactly how you need it, you will have more time in class to get everything finished. Clear communication is necessary as a teacher so your students know exactly what you are saying. Instead of being uncertain of yourself, you need to be clear and precise so students are not left confused. Focus is very important in learning because students can not learn if they are not paying attention. Focus may be hard to get from your students but it will be easier to focus if they are given assignments that are interesting and they will enjoy. Questioning students is important as a teacher so you can see what the students know about the subject you are trying to teach. It also helps to encourage the students to think more into certain areas instead of just memorizing them. Feedback is always important in learning so students understand how well they are doing and what they are not understanding correctly. This can help students to improve next time instead of not knowing what they are doing wrong. And finally, review and closure. Review is important both at the beginning of a lesson, and at the end. At the beginning, it is important to review what the students already know, and what they will be learning. At the end, it is important to help the students understand how this connects with what they will be learning next. Closure helps students put the lessons into something meaningful so they understand why it is necessary to know. All essential teaching skills contribute to learning and will create a great learning classroom if used correctly.
ReplyDeleteThe principles of the cognitive learning theory are that learning depends on experiences, learners construct knowledge in order to make sense of their experiences, knowledge that is constructed depends on and builds on knowledge that learners already possess, learning is enhanced by social interaction, and that learning requires practice and feedback. I would like to use potty training my daughter as an example for this learning theory. I began this potty training plan by letting my daugther accompany me to the restroom. I wanted her to see the toilet, washing of hands, and how much fun the whole process can be. This allowed her to experience the next chapter in becoming a big girl. She then wanted to go to the bathroom all the time, only to go to the bathroom in her diaper while we were on our way. She wanted to wash her hands and get the treat, but still did not understand the idea of going in the toilet. Using her diaper seemed to be the logical thing for her to do, since I spent the months leading up to this begging her to keep her diaper on, so that she would not wet all over the floor. Then we went to her cousin's house where potty training was also taking place. After cheering for her cousin when she used the restroom, my daughter started to realize that this could be a good thing. When we came home, she wanted to go to the restroom, wanted to sit on the toilet, and wanted mommy to sing the "potty song"... The positive reinforcement seemed to really help her. This is all still a work in progress, but through more exposure she is learning to build on previous knowledge.
ReplyDeleteThere are five principles that make up the cognitive learning theories. The first is learning depends on experience. For example, as a teenager most people get their first job. For many it's a fast food resturant. At first a teenager may be put at the collecting window, where they will learn how to interact with customers and build experiences with customer service. Then they will probably move up to the front register where they learn how to ring things up and get even more experience with talking to the customers. Then eventually they will probably be moved to the drive through to take orders. But each level requires more experience than the last. The text states that this applies to school because everything we learn is something that we use to build more knowledge on. The second principle is learners construct knowledge in an attempt to make sense of their experiences.
ReplyDeleteThis is basically saying that students take what they learn in school and come up with examples that make sense to them. For example, students might think that it gets dark because it's bedtime, like a little girl at the daycare I work at, when actually it gets dark because of the Earth's rotation. Since the little girl is only two, she wouldn't have any idea what the Earth's rotation even is, so to her the fact that it's bedtime is reason enough for it to get dark. The third principle is knowledge that is constructed depends on and builds on learner's prior knowledge.
This principle basically says that early knowledge is a foundation for future knowledge to come, and each time we learn something new it adds another layer to the house of knowledge. For example, if students know that 2+6=8, then in the next grade they will learn that 20+60=80 and so on and so forth until they know that 2 billion+6 billion=8 billion. Unfortunately, the textbook points out that this can sometimes lead to misconceptions about new knowledge that students learn. The fourth principle is learning is enhanced by social interaction.
This is stating that students learn more by interacting with each other and with their teachers. If a student is uncertain how to do a math problem and is then put into a group to work on the problem, the student will hear how her classmates are solving the problem and then they can all work together to figure out the best solution. Also if the teacher leads a class discussion on the math problem the students can participate and try their methods and see which ones work and which ones don't. The fifth and final principle is learning requires practice and feedback.
This principle makes sense because students who continue to practice their time tables become better and quicker at their time tables. Or an athlete who practices mulitple times a week before a big game or match will do well in the game or match. Feedback is important because it tells us what we need to work on and also what we do well. Without practice and feedback, people would rarely improve their skills and if they did it would be very slowly, and no one would know if they were actually improving at all.
Essential teaching skills help the lesson run smoothly. There are different essentials that a teacher needs, even when you are just starting out. You need organization, actions that maximizes the amount of time available for instruction. We need to have all the instruction is related. Teachers need emphasis on key topics so that they know what is important in your lesson. This enthusiasm will help your students pay attention in your class and class periods. This way your students are having fun and paying attention to you. Another essential part of teaching is focus. You need to have focus and so do the students. Focus is very important for your students. They need things to do and pay attention to in your lesson. The wait time on your questions would not be bad if you had the childrens focused on what you were saying. Feedback on the lessons definitly helps you in your teaching. These were all essential teaching skills that any teacher would need. Your students will learn and understand better in your classroom.
ReplyDeleteA teacher needs to have essential teaching skills to help with making the day run as smoothly as possible. A teacher needs to have organizations skills, so that they can get the most time available to give the most effective instruction. The teacher also needs to have clear communication. You want the students to know exactly what to expect and what you are teaching. Another important thing to have is focus. You need to make sure the students are focusing because if they are playing around or talking to their neighbor, they are not focusing on the lesson and are not taking in any new information. It is also important to make sure you question the students about what you are teacing so you make sure they are paying attention. It's also important because you want to make sure the students understand what is being taught to them. If the students do not know answer, encouragement is a good thing to use one them. And also leading out the answer with other questions. Feedback is important because the students need to know how well they are doing and if they are not doing well on something, they can get extra help on it. The last important thing to remember is to do review and closure. Reviewing is important at the beginning because you need to refresh the students on what they were learning. It is important at the end so you can help them connect what they learned that day with the day before and what they will learn tomorrow. You may also be able to tell from review what they may need help on the next day. The closure is suppose to be something to show them that they will need to know this one day and you aren't teaching them this for nothing. I think all the skills are important to have to effeciently teach and run a classroom. You need to make sure students realize that practice is important. The more they practice their work the better they will know it and not just memorize it. The standards of your teaching are usually based on your environment. It depends where you are teaching out to know how you will be teaching it.
ReplyDeleteThere are several essential teaching skills which help lessons run in a smooth manner. First there is organization. Organization is essential because if you’re just improvising a lesson, students won’t grasp the material in order to achieve what is expected of them. It also provides you with more time for learning and you’re not scrambling for materials. Communication is another important skill. Just because something makes sense to you doesn’t mean it’ll translate to 3rd or 4th graders. Focus or attention is also very important. Students need to focus in order to grasp key concepts. It is also important for you as the teacher to make sure students focus and that your lesson is engaging. Another essential skill is questioning. This allows you to see when students are achieving those who may be struggling. Questioning also allows you to have students go for a higher level of thinking rather than just memorizing. Take a concept like multiplication and apply to the real world. Feedback as an essential skill is very important. Feedback allows you to see who is succeeding and who isn’t. It also gives you the opportunity to see what works and what doesn’t. Reviewing is another essential skill. This is important as it encourages students to achieve set goals. Reviewing at the beginning of a lesson will give you an idea to student’s prior knowledge of an area and reviewing at the end just reinforces what was just taught. Finally closure is important because it allows students to apply a given concept to a real-world scenario.
ReplyDeleteThe first of five steps involved in planning for effective teaching is selecting a topic. While this may sound basic it is actually very important. If a lesson is being planned upon an irrelevant or thrown together topic, then the rest of the lesson will follow suit. Second is specifying learning objectives. It is important for both the student and teacher to understand what the points are that are supposed to be made and understood in the lesson. That way, if students still aren't understanding the lesson you can find out what it is exactly that they are having trouble with. Thirdly is preparing and organizing learning activities. It is important to come to the lesson with a clear and organized idea of how the lesson will run. It is also of utmost importance to have all materials needed. Fourthly, it is always necessary to prepare for an assesment of the topics discussed. This doesn't always mean a "test" but there needs to be some sort of assesment to close out the lesson and make sure the students understand the topic. Lastly, it is very important to make sure the you have achieved instructional alignment. This simply means that your objectives, lesson, and assesment all line up accordingly.
ReplyDeleteThere are six essential steps in planning for instruction. These six steps include: Selecting a topic, Specify learning objectives, Prepare and organize learning objectives, Assessment, Ensure instructional alignment, and Plan your lesson in a standards-based environment.
ReplyDeleteA teachers job is to select topics that the students would have interest in and would want to learn. When planning to select a topic, you have to think about what is most important out of the material that is provided to you. Will the students enjoy the topic? Will the topic benefit to a student's achievemet?
Next, you want to specify these learning objectives. By doing this you keep focused and prevent yourself from steering away to different topics.
Then, you want to be prepared and organized. This will make your instruction a lot easier. The activities that you present your students with should be challenging and hands-on.
After that, you need to provide students with assessments that can be taken and used for further learning.
Second to last you need to ensure instructional alignment. This makes a connection between learning objectives, activities, and assessments.
Lastly, a teachers goal is to meet the standards that are provided to them at the end of each day. Standards give teachers a sense of what they should be teaching in order to keep their students on track.
Cognitive learning theory is learning by focusing on changes in the way people think which results from the way they make sense of the worlds. There are five essential steps to planning for instruction. The first and probably most important is selecting a topic. Teachers usually do this by looking through the text book and focusing on the standards. The second is specifying a learning objective. This guides a teacher and helps them make the rest of the decisions throughout the rest of the lesson. Next is preparing and organizing learning activities. Teachers do this by finding quality activities and examples to share with the class. After that comes planning for assessment. This is when the teacher gathers information, integrates effective teaching, and thinks about the assessment. Finally comes ensure instructional alignment. This is where you connect learning objectives, learning activities, and assessment. This helps children learn because everything is well organized and has been chosen for a specific reason; all the activities have a purpose really feel like the children would learn best in this environment. The difference between principle of learning and instructional steps is the principle of learning is an idea of people learning something from the way they make sense of the world. the steps are more specific and guide a teacher through making an effective teacher.
ReplyDeleteThe first principle of cognitive learning theory is learning depends on experiences. The experiences provide the foundation for the students and from there on they can grow and learn. An example: early elementary students are taught the abc's. This first experience is the foundation for the students to eventually go on and learn how to read and write.
ReplyDeleteThe second cognitive learning theory: learners construct knowledge in an attempt to make sense of their experiences. When students are being taught something new, it can be a lot of information for them. Instead of remembering everything word for word they try to make sense of everything and create an overall idea about the subject. Sometimes this idea that they create is accurate or inaccurate. Teachers need to always think about an assumption that the students may or may not make and the teachers need to break that assumption if it is inaccurate. The students may have experienced something that influences them to believe everything is just like that experience. An example: when students are first learning about adding fractions they assume that you had both the top and bottom numbers, instead of just adding the top number.
The third cognitive learning theory: knowledge that is constructed depends on and builds on learner’s prior knowledge. Students construct new knowledge off of what they already know. They make sense of new ideas based on the previous things they have learned. Sometime students will struggle because what they are learning may be similar but also different then what they already know. Because it is similar they assume it is the same but it could actually be different. An example: When learning grammar students are taught one boy and another boy is two boys. So when there is one body of water and another body of water they assume it would be two bodys of water, when really it is bodies of water.
The fourth cognitive learning theory: learning is enhanced by social interaction. 25% of what students learn in class is from interacting with the other students. Discussions and group projects are great ways to have the students work together and learn together. An example: if the students discuss whether you should add just the top number of a fraction or both the top and bottom number they would learn together and come up with the right answer.
The final cognitive learning theory: learning requires practice and feedback. The more practice the students do the more they will understand the topic. Teachers must provide feedback to the students so they can learn the best way possible and understand what they are being taught. An example: students practice times tables in class and at home so they can master the times tables. If the students do not practice their multiplication they will not learn it.
The first essential teaching skill is organization. As a teacher you need to be organized so you know what you will be exactly doing in class every single day. Being more organized and having a plan for the day leaves for time for learning and less time for chaos. Being focused is also important as well. If students are not focused how will they learn? Students will be more focused in class if learning if fun and interactive for them. Communication is an essential teaching skill. As a teacher, you need to be communicating and understanding if students are needing help. You also need to be confident while talking to you class. Students will not understand what is going on in class if their teacher does not communicate with them. As a teacher you need to ask your students questions. Asking students questions lets they know you care if they understand the subject being taught. Asking questions also lets them think one their own by trying to figure out how they will answer a question that is being asked to them. Feed back is an essential skill. Students need to know how they are doing in class. If they do not know what they are doing wrong how are they able to improve? I love getting feedback from my classes so I know student like it and they also need it as well. I believe review at the beginning of a unit or lesson is needed. Students need to review what they may already know. I also believe that students need a review at the end of a unit or lesson as well so that the teacher can see what they have learned. There are many essential teaching skills that contribute to learning.
ReplyDelete#2 Selecting a topic is the first step in for instruction. As simple as this may sound, it could make or break the entire lesson. You should pick a topic that grabs the interest of your students and has relavance in todays life. After picking a topic, you need to specify the learning objective. Being very clear is important so both you and the students stay on course. Also being prepared and organized allows positive learning to take place.things run more smoothly and progress is made. Challening the students is important, but the challenge shouldn't be figuring out what they should be working on.( :) )
ReplyDeleteOnce you select an interesting topic and go forth with a clear well organized lesson, it is time to see how well they learned the material with an assessment. you can then see with instructional alignment if you topic, esson and activities work well together. Lastly making sure you met your standards. Doing so allows the teacher to know if everyone is on track and if they can move forward.
When planning for instruction, there are a few things that need to be done in order for the instruction to be productive. A very important step, is selecting topics. A teacher wants to select topics that are important for the student to know. A good teacher will take topics that are part of the standards, but the topics also interest the students. Another important factor, is learning objectives. A teacher will want their students to know certain things in relation to the topics that they choose. These objectives help teachers in a way that if a lesson or activity doesn't work, they can go back and realize that their objectives may not have been clear. Once a teacher has come up with their objectives, they should then organize a learning activity. This includes taking the objective, and developing an activity or an example that illustrates the objective at hand. A teacher should use develop activities and examples that are meaningful. After doing activities and examples, the students should be assessed on the information. In the book, we see that a teacher had students take a quiz so that she could see where they stood. This is a good idea to see where the students stand with the material rather than having them tested without knowing the information. The final step, is ensuring instructional alignment. This step allows the teachers to match the strategies and assessments used with the learning objectives. This also helps the students in a way that they can see what's important to learn.
ReplyDeleteIn order for a classroom to run smoothly, a teacher needs essential teaching skills. The first is organization. Without some organization the classroom can become chaotic. They lesson shouldn't be all over the place to where the students don't understand what's going on. Another one is focus. If the teacher isn't focused on the task at hand then the students won't be either. An important essential skill is communication. The teacher needs to be able to communicate with their students to know if they understand what's going on because without communication between students and teachers, there is a chance that the student may not succeed to their highest potential. I think feedback is also essential. The teacher needs to give students feedback so that they know what they need to concentrate on when they study. And a final one is review. Reviewing is always helpful to students. It gives them an idea as to what they need to work on and it gives the teacher an idea at how well their students are understanding the lesson you're trying to teach.
ReplyDeleteThe idea that learning depends on previous experiences and learned knowledge is the first concept of the cognitive learning theory. When I think of cognitive I think of it as what an individual recognizes. In preschool children learn their abc's and this builds their cognition to a point where they are able to proceed into the next steps of learning to read and write the language through which we develop future cognitive identifications. Right now my two year old watch the Your Baby can Read program every day and becomes more and more aware of the words she is recognizing and understanding.(Cognition). The second conceptof the cognitive learning theory is that learners construct knowledge in an attempt to make sense of their experiences. As a teacher you need to be aware of your students interpretation of the knowledge they are acquiring, so as to be sure that it is being processed in the correct context. Some times it can be useful to adapt the learning plan to students previous experiences, but not all students share similar experiences. The most important thing is to interpret each students comprehention of the lesson at hand as it relates to his/her individual understanding. The third concept of the cognitive learning theory states that knowledge that in constructed depends on and bulids on learners prior knowledge. Once again this can be useful, but needs to be asserted that prior knowledge is not contradicted a students understanding of the knowledge being immitted. One thing I have always found helpful when new information seems to contradict previous knowledge is to pay attention to the instructions and never doubt yourself. The fourth (my favorite) concept of the cognitive learning theory is that learning is enhanced by social interaction. Statistics state that 25% of what students learn is from interacting with other students. Peer pressure exists in so many ways. This is one way in which teachers can utilize it's affects. When students interact with each other during learning activities each student wants to be part of the experience, and noone wants to be theone left out not understanding so they are more likely to exert more effort into the comprehension of the topic at hand. There is also the concept that students may find it easier to relate to one another than they do to ask for additional attention from the teacher. This is the reason it is so important for teachers to develop a comfortable state of open communication with each of their students so as to be able to determine a comprehensive evaluation of their development. Fifth Concept: Learning requires practice and feedback. Really? The concept of muscle memory has always amazed me. This concept of the cognitive learning theory makes me think of the brain as a muscle. Just like muscle memory for any other muscle, the more repetition that occurs the more likely the brain will take on the knowledge as stored cognitive awareness. As far as the feedback, it serves to provide the teacher with the element assessing what the students need more practice with. When you are trying to understand a new concept, idea, or set of knowledge/understanding in your life it is always instinctive to attempt to apply what you already know to try and disect it into pieces that your brain already can make sense of. Cognition is the awareness of this natural human eveolved instinct of making sense of our world/existance. On some occasions it is cognition that makes the life long learning process accel and evolve at the fast pace it has become, but on certain occassions it can stand as an obstacle to developing a grasp on the new concepts. Live, Build, Learn, Interact, Share, Practice, Believe, and be aware.
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